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The Port of Tianjin (''Tianjin Gang'', ), formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The name "Tianjin Xingang"(), which strictly speaking refers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used to refer to the whole port. The Port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centered on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km south east of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=天津港欢迎您! )〕 and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=天津港简介 )〕 Tianjin Port handled 476 million tonnes of cargo and 12.3 million TEU of containers in 2012,〔http://www.ptacn.com/News1View.asp?ID=1949&SortID=123〕 making it the world's fourth largest port by throughput tonnage, and the tenth in container throughput. The port trades with more than 600 ports in 180 countries and territories around the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=天津港简介 )〕 It is served by over 115 regular container lines.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=天津港全年集装箱吞吐量突破1000万标准箱 )〕 run by 60 liner companies, including all the top 20 liners. Expansion in the last two decades has been enormous, going from 30 million tonnes of cargo and 490,000 TEU〔http://www.tjportnet.com/news/detail.jsp?type=NEWSCLASS&news_id=9a0ee`1399fde795b`-7fb3〕 in 1993 to well beyond 400 million tonnes and 10 million TEU at present (2012).〔http://www.tjportnet.com/gkjs/gkjs_4.htm〕 Capacity is still increasing at a high rate, with 550–600 Mt of throughput capacity expected by 2015. The port is part of the Binhai New Area district of Tianjin Municipality, the main special economic zone of Northern China, and it lies directly east of the TEDA. The Port of Tianjin is at the core of the ambitious development program of the BNA, and as part of that plan, the Port aims to become the primary logistics and shipping hub of North China. == Haihe River Ports == The lower course and estuary of the Haihe is the main stem of a large navigable basin, as well as the westernmost seashore of the North China Plain, making it an obvious location for a major navigational hub. The history of the Haihe ports follows this dual nature of being a hub of both inland and marine waterways, with routes changing according to political and natural changes. First records of port activity in the Haihe date from the late Eastern Han Dynasty, when Cao Cao built two canals connecting the Haihe to support his campaigns against the Wuhuan. It was, however, only after the completion of the first Grand Canal by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty that the lower Haihe gained importance as a logistics hub, transporting southern grain to the army outposts of northeast China. The same military necessity caused the Tang to establish the Sanhui Harbor () as both a fluvial hub and a seaport at the confluence of the Yongji Canal (永濟渠), the Hutuo River (滹沱河) and the Luhe River (潞河), on modern day Junliangcheng (), a fact still preserved in the town’s name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=大事记略 )〕 Sanhui Harbor served as a forward logistics base for the Tang’s campaigns against the Khitans and Goguryeo, with coastal ships and canal barges transporting 500,000 ''dan'' of grain each year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=三会海口 )〕 In 960, the Haihe became the border between the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty. The Haihe port became divided: the Song port was Nigu Harbor (泥沽海口) to the south of the Haihe, and the Liao port was at Junliangcheng，to the north. In 1043, the Yellow River had one of its frequent cataclysmic course changes, and until 1194 it took over the course of the Haihe. In that 150 years span, the enormous runoff of silt from the "Flowing Mud" caused a major change in the coastline: from its original position at Junliangcheng, the shoreline moved forward around 23 km to the present day line of Tanggu, Beitang and Gaoshaling. This led to the decline of Junliangcheng, and a new main port was established further upriver at Zhigu (直沽, now Tianjin city). In 1153, the Jin dynasty moved its capital to Zhongdu (now Beijing). The massive needs of the capital city made Zhigu a critical grain hub, moving up to 1.7 million ''dan'' of grain per year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=直沽 )〕 The Mongol conquest made this trade even more necessary when, in 1264, the Yuan Dynasty established its capital at Dadu, also on the site of modern Beijing. Feeding the enormous needs of Dadu was the spur for the creation of regular seagoing routes to complement the inland waterways, which (despite much expansion) were reaching their limit capacity. Sea routes connecting Liujiagang in Zhejiang province and Zhigu’s Yangcun (杨村) wharf were established in 1276 (the Tang coast-hugging route, taking 120 days to complete), and in 1282 (a route taking 30 days to complete). A breakthrough occurred in 1293, when a third sea route was opened that took a more direct open-sea path from Liujiagang to Yangcun, going eastwards from the Yangtze mouth into the “Black Water Ocean” (the deepest section of the Yellow Sea), turning at the tip of the Shandong peninsula around Chengshan Cape, entering the Bohai Sea through the Miaodao Strait, and then going directly from Laizhou into the Haihe mouth. This route required more complex navigation, but it took less than ten days to sail, and it is in essence the route still used today for shipping between Shanghai and Tianjin. To assist this burgeoning sea trade, in 1318 the first recorded aid to navigation in the region was established in the Longwangmiao temple at the Haihe mouth. During daytime, white cloth flags were raised on high poles. At night, lamps were lit and raised to guide approaching boats. Activity diminished with fall of the Yuan and the move of the capital to Nanjing. The port of Zhigu was renamed "Tianjin" ("Ford of the Emperor") in 1400 by the Yongle Emperor, to commemorate a victorious forced river crossing. Yongle's move of the imperial capital back to Beijing in 1405 renewed Tianjin’s importance as a grain hub. Soon, the port was moving 4 million ''dan'' of grain per year, a number that remained fairly consistent during Ming and Qing times. The Ming and later the Qing were sporadically hostile to sea trade, which resulted in the policy of "Sea Ban" applying on and off for centuries. This policy varied from reinforcing defenses against pirates up to fully depopulating the coastline. Therefore, the focus of trade between river and sea routes oscillated wildly during the period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Port of Tianjin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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